|
Visualization
Monday, September 17,
2001
CFS 200
What do people use
visualization for?
 |
Discovering
something new about data that they did not expect or confirming something
they did expect. |
|
Rapid feedback in
real-time simulations. |
|
Communicating ideas
or findings to colleagues or laypersons. |
|
Psychological
testing and therapy . |
|
Performing tasks on
computer models of objects that may be too small or too large to perform
directly on the object itself (protein docking and surgical planning,
finite element models of heart tissue, for example). |
|
Training. |
Types of Visualization
Methods:
|
Graphs and charts. |
|
Maps (aeronautical,
road maps). |
|
3-D and 2-D models
(anatomical, architectural, chemical ball and stick, sketches). |
|
Flow diagrams
(business organization, networking). |
|
Computer graphics. |
Begin with Stick Figures
|
Drawing stick figures
is an great way to determine the directions within a pose. |
|
The main directions
are not necessarily the outlines / contour lines! |
|
These are usually
imaginary lines or axial directions of the skeleton running through the
center of the figure's forms. |
|
These lines begin and
end at the joints of the skeleton. |
Proportions of the
figure
|
The average human is
7 heads tall. |
|
 |
The total
height of the figure should be equal to seven of his or her heads
stacked together. |
|
This does not
hold true for children. |
|
|
The tips of the
fingers, when arms are dangling, will line up with the middle of the
elbows are at the waist. |
|
The shoulders of a
figure will equal two and a half heads wide. |
Proportions Of The Face
|
The
eyes are halfway between the top of the head and the chin. |
|
The
bottom of the nose is halfway between the eyes and the chin. |
|
The
mouth is halfway between the nose and the chin. |
|
The
corners of the mouth line up with the centers of the eyes. |
|
The
top of the ears line up above the eyes, on the eyebrows. |
|
The
bottom of the ears line up with the bottom of the nose. |
The Human Skeleton
The skeleton is the
armature and the understructure which defines the human body. One can use
elements from the underlying structure of the body to draw more proportionate
figures.
|
The skull has the same
proportions as the head. One can find the eye sockets halfway between the
top of the head and the chin. |
|
The shoulder blades
(scapulae) are also easy to discern in the upper half of the back. The
shoulder blades are important to activate and add interest to the back which
has very subtle variations. |
|
The top edge of the
pelvic bone (iliac crest) shows up to give an indication of the placement of
the legs and lower torso. |
|
The knee (patella) and
ankle bone (inferior extremity of the tibia) both protrude enough for
careful observation. |
|
The collar bone
(clavicle) protrudes enough that it is easy to see when drawing the figure. |
Before we begin, some
rules
|
Do not draw on the
back of the paper |
|
Do not start over,
rip up, or turn the paper over |
|
Never cross out a
drawing with an "X" or a scribble |
|
Keep your drawing
arm free |
Warm-up Exercises
|
Change
the pressure on the pencil |
|
Use
the tip & side of the pencil |
|
Draw
thick & thin continuous lines |
|
Draw
light to dark lines |
|
Practice
shading by gradation |
Gesture Drawing
Gesture drawings are
quick sketches that are based on careful observation. A good way to speed up
your figure drawing is to break down the model into a number of simple lines
that describe the pose. Look for areas of tension, that is, where the most
activity is going on. It is also not necessary to do a complete outline of the
form. You can sometimes represent an arm or leg with one line that describes
one edge of the figure. This form of drawing encourages faster drawing as well
as good observation.
Contour Drawing
An excellent starting
point to improve your drawing skills and prepare for drawing the figure is
through contour drawing and blind contour drawing. Contour drawing is a process
of line drawing where one must concentrate on a single point and follow the
contours of the body. This process should be done in one long continuous line to
mimic the way that the eye works. When doing a contour drawing, you are
improving your eye-hand coordination.
Measuring the Figure
|
Try the process below.
Always keep your arm straight and hold the pencil the same way each time you
measure or significant distortions will occur. |
|
Grip the pencil in
your fist leaving the thumb free. |
|
Hold your arm out
straight in a relaxed fashion with the thumb and pencil protruding straight
up. |
|
Close one eye and
measure off the distance from the top of the head to the chin. Move the top
of your thumb down until it lines up with the chin. |
|
Now hold that
measurement from the top of the pencil to the thumb and line it up with the
bottom of your last measurement. |
|
Repeat this process
and count how many head lengths make up the distance from the top of the
head to the back of the heel. |
|
This will give you the
overall length of the figure in relation to one head. |
|
Repeat this with the
width, only turn your pencil to the side (90 degrees from the last
orientation). |
|
