1	Bathrooms History and Accessible Products Monday, March 25, 2002
2	Social and Psychological Factors We have always faced the same problems of personal hygiene. Coping with the problems has varied a lot from era to era and culture to culture. Provisions for personal hygiene are related to wealth. Initially provided on a communal basis With wealth private facilities are provided.
3	Social and Psychological Factors Density of population also affects hygiene habits and facilities. “Where available technology has played a role in (coping with personal hygiene, by far the most important determinants have been our various philosophical, psychological & religious attitudes regarding the human body and its processes and products”. Kira Cowboys on a long trail ride.
4	A Little History The personal bathroom as we know it is a recent development (this century). Concepts of personal privacy are also relatively recent developments. “One … has to have the conditions that permit modesty before a society can make modesty into an operable virtue.” Kira
5	Modesty? “From the time of the Roman Empire through the 18th century, bathing was public activity … During the 17th century, ladies and gentlemen had private bathtubs, but they also entertained while bathing and frequently had their portraits painted while in their tubs.” Kira
6	Different Cultures “Japanese and Scandinavians still use female attendants in bathhouses for men as well as women, and in many parts of the world, whole families still bathe together as families have done for centuries.”
7	Can You Imagine? “A similar lack of modesty has also existed with respect to the elimination processes.” Kira “Not only was defecation … not always private, it was also an activity to socialize over.” “Kings and princes and even generals treated it as a throne at which audiences could be granted. Lord Portland, when Ambassador to the Court of Louis XIV, was deemed highly honored to be so received, and it was from this throne that Louis announced his marriage ….” Kira
8	A Lack of Privacy The bidet was also used as a throne. “The Marquis d’Argenson was charmed to be granted audience by Mme. de Prie whilst she sat.” Kira Out door privies were not very private and often provided seats for two or more.
9	The Facilities Hygiene facilities have always been the same (in general terms). a container for holding water for washing a container for holding wastes, which were disposed of in two ways Returning to the soil Washing away with water
10	Facilities Sewers and septic tanks allowed indoor facilities to be built. The 3 fixture, 5’ x 7’ bathroom dates from the building boom of the early 1920’s. It is still the norm today During the 1960’s the trend was for more than one bathroom. What is the trend today?
11	Containers for Holding Water The Bathtub Materials Porcelain enameled cast iron Pressed steel Fiberglass Showers included or separate The Lavatory Materials: china, stone, steel
12	A Container for Waste The toilet Siphon jet Quietest Trap way in back Water surface extra large for cleanliness Reverse Trap and wash down Made of vitreous china Many different styles
13	Accessible Bathroom The same fixtures, but with more space and a few modifications.
14	Toilet Seat with Grab Bars
15	Bathtub Transfer Seat
16	Shower Chairs
17	Wheelchair Transfer to Toilet
18	Diagonal approach
19	Diagonal approach (cont.)
20	Side approach lateral toilet wheelchair transfer
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